1. Describe the anatomy and physiology and functions of the brain and spinal cord. (pp 724–726)
2. Discuss the different types of headaches, the possible causes of each, and how to distinguish a harmless headache from a potentially life-threatening condition. (pp 726–727)
3. Explain the various ways blood flow to the brain may be interrupted and cause a cerebrovascular accident. (pp 727–728)
4. Discuss the causes, similarities, and differences of an ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and transient ischemic attack. (pp 728–730)
5. List the general signs and symptoms of stroke and how those symptoms manifest if the left hemisphere of the brain is affected and if the right hemisphere of the brain is affected. (pp 730–731)
6. List three conditions with symptoms that mimic stroke and the assessment techniques EMTs may use to identify them. (p 731)
7. Define a generalized seizure, focal-onset seizure, and status epilepticus; include how they differ from each other and their effects on patients. (pp 732–733)
8. Describe how the different stages of a seizure are characterized. (p 733)
9. Discuss the importance for EMTs to recognize when a seizure is occurring or whether one has already occurred in a patient. (pp 734–735)
10. Explain the postictal state and the specific patient care interventions that may be necessary. (p 735)
11. Define altered mental status; include possible causes and the patient assessment considerations that apply to each. (pp 735–737, 749)
12. Discuss scene safety considerations when responding to a patient with a neurologic emergency. (pp 737–738) 21

1. Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal, genital, and urinary systems. (pp 756–758)

2. Define the term acute abdomen. (p 758)

3. Describe pathologic conditions of the gastrointestinal, genital, and urinary systems. (pp 758–766)

4. Explain the concept of referred pain. (p 760)

5. Describe other organ systems that can cause abdominal pain. (pp 759–760, 765–766)

6. Identify the signs and symptoms, and common causes, of an acute abdomen. (pp 760–64)

7. Describe the assessment and management of acute and chronic gastrointestinal hemorrhage, peritonitis, and ulcerative diseases. (pp 758–764, 766–770)

8. List the most common abdominal emergencies, with the most common locations of direct and referred pain. (p 760)

9. Describe the assessment of a patient with a gastrointestinal and urologic emergency. (pp 766–770)

10. Describe the procedures to follow in managing the patient with shock associated with abdominal emergencies. (p 767–768)

11. Describe the emergency medical care of the patient with gastrointestinal or urologic emergencies. (pp 770–772)

12. Explain the principles of kidney dialysis. (p 771–772)

1. Describe the anatomy and physiology of the endocrine system and its main function in the body. (pp 778–780)

2. Discuss the role of glucose as a major source of energy for the body and its relationship to insulin. (pp 778–780)

3. Define the terms diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, and hypoglycemia. (pp 780–781)

4. Describe the differences and similarities between hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic diabetic emergencies, including their onset, signs and symptoms, and management considerations. (pp 780–781)

5. Distinguish between the individual types of diabetes and how their onset and presentation are different. (pp 782–784)

6. Describe the interventions for providing emergency medical care to both a conscious and unconscious patient with an altered mental status and a history of diabetes who is having symptomatic hyperglycemia. (pp 784–785)

7. Describe the interventions for providing emergency medical care to both a conscious and unconscious patient with an altered mental status and a history of diabetes who is having symptomatic hypoglycemia. (pp 785–786)

8. Explain the process for assessing and managing the airway of a patient with an altered mental status, including ways to differentiate a hyperglycemic patient from a hypoglycemic patient. (pp 784–786, 792)